Eisi case study

He saw it and was glad.

Reconstruction of the families of Navarrese nobility in presents considerable difficulties. It has also not been easy to decide the optimum way of presenting research results, as the territorial approach used in other documents in Medieval Lands is not best suited to Navarre for reasons which will be discussed in more detail below.

This document is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 presents the results of a detailed study of the families of Navarrese nobles between the 9th and 12th centuries.

Chapters 2, 3 and 4 set out some of the illegitimate descendants of the kings of Navarre of the Eisi case study of the counts of Champagne who were prominent Navarrese noblemen in the 14th and 15th centuries.

The information on these illegitimate lines has been included for completeness, compiled from secondary sources. The primary sources which confirm the parentage and marriages of the members of those families have not yet been identified.

Chapter 1, showing the 9th to 12th century nobles in Navarre, is divided into five parts chronologically. These list the earliest known ancestors of each family group, alphabetically, born in the 8th and early 9th centuries, the later 9th and early 10th centuries, the later 10th century, the early 11th century, and the later 11th and 12th centuries.

This division has been decided to facilitate regrouping of the families as and when further information is found in other primary sources. As a first stage, the extraction process has concentrated mainly on the 9th to 12th centuries.

It appears from these sources that the nobility in Navarre during this period was a largely homogeneous, self-contained group. In addition, few records have been found which indicate marriages between the Navarrese nobility and the aristocracy in the other Iberian kingdoms or in the neighbouring counties in southern France.

Given this situation, it would be expected that aristocratic power in Navarre, at the level immediately below the king, would be shared among a small group of closely inter-related families.

This would be consistent with the situation during the same period in other nearby areas such as Catalonia, Gascony and Toulouse, in each of which the number of comital families stabilised throughout the early and middle medieval period at no more than ten or so.

However, Navarrese sources unexpectedly appear to show Navarre as a completely different case. As can be seen in Chapter 1, over one hundred Navarrese noble family groupings have been reconstructed based on information provided by the sources consulted. It is certain that many of these families could be consolidated further if available information on family relationships was more comprehensive.

Nevertheless, it is doubted whether such further distillation would reduce the number to anything like the maximum of ten observed in the neighbouring territories. The fundamental question is whether the situation in Navarre was truly different from its neighbours, and if so why, or whether the research results are misleading because of the nature of the difficulties presented by the source material.

There are basically three difficulties with the primary sources.

Thirdly, the absence of substantive information about the careers of the individuals named. Each of these problems will be discussed in turn. During the course of researching the nobility in Navarre, more than name references have been extracted from the cartularies referred to above.

The information was entered into an Excel spreadsheet to facilitate data manipulation. The references fall into four main categories: For example, in the case of Aznar: Individual persons were then identified from these name combinations with the help of other information included in the charters, for example property-holdings and family relationships.

The task is not as impossible as it sounds as, with the further information available, some of the references can be grouped easily. There are also some unusual names which occur in much smaller numbers and which help the identification process: Aurelio 16Galindo 23Ochoa [10] 1and Vela 7.

These are identified mainly when other persons named in the same document are not named in other documents, although the infrequent use of titles discussed further below makes it difficult to identify such individuals with certainty.

The different steps in this analysis process narrow the number of individuals to a more manageable number. However, it still remains much higher than the numbers in neighbouring territories.

Out of the entries extracted, about include a link between the individual named and a specific property or territory. The difficulty is that more than different property names are mentioned in this way, many of them only once or twice.

It is not known how much of the town and surrounding area were included in the grant. Only fifteen individuals have been identified in Navarre with the title conde between the late 9th century and early 12th century. It appears from some of the charters sampled that territories sometimes passed within the same family, although not always in the male line and not consistently following rules of primogeniture.

Some pattern of inheritance of territories is observable particularly in relation to the 9th and 10th centuries, but thereafter the picture that develops is a constantly moving one of territories being granted by the king, regranted, exchanged, grouped and regrouped, presumably in reward for services rendered by different nobles at different times, as well as some territories being donated to religious establishments from time to time.

Inheritance can therefore never be assumed within the same family, unless other information in the documentation points to this being the case. Numerous examples of these difficulties can be observed in the reconstructions set out in Chapter 1.

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The third difficulty is the comparative absence from the charters of any substantive information about the careers of the individuals named. This is of course not a problem which is unique to Navarre.The following are the señoríos which are named most frequently in the charters.

As will be seen, today some of these are only small villages and appear unlikely candidates for regional power. 1. 4.

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Armiger.. The name “armiger” implies duties concerned with the protection of the king and the maintenance of the armoury. As can be seen in the table below, the terms alferiz, armentarius, fertorarius, inferartis and offertor were also used in the documentation, four of which include the root “fer-“ in the word which suggests a connection with iron weaponry.

This is all very interesting. So many translations that no one knows for sure who Jesus was or is! The devil has us right where he wants us. So, do you interpret the . 27 de setembro de Nanotecidos não molham nem mancham. Nanocristais de óxido de zinco podem ser utilizados para fabricar telas ou filtros solares invisíveis, capazes de bloquear a luz ultravioleta.

The use of "Lucifer" is ancient, in Latin where it was the term to refer to the planet Venus when it appeared as a star in the morning. Although some early Christian Latin writings refer to "Lucifer", it was the Latin Vulgate that is most responsible for its widespread use.

- Revelation In the previous chapter, John saw the seven angels having the seven last plagues wherein the wrath of God is complete (Rev. +).He was also shown those who had overcome the Beast and had refused to worship him or take his mark.

These were undoubtedly martyred, filling up the cup of God’s wrath even further. .